References-Appendix

References

Module developed by Jennifer Hubert, Jane Miller, and Marie Sherman, the Missouri team.
Crosland, M. (1978). Gay-Lussac scientist and bourgeois. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Good biography.
Davenport, D. A. (1983). How the right Professor Charles went up in the wrong kind of balloon. ChemMatters, 1 (4), 14-16.
Kuslan, Louis, and Stone, A. (1970). Robert Boyle. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Russo, T. (1985, 1986). Microchemistry for high school general chemistry. A pioneer in microscale laboratory methods. Excellent
reference.
Sibley, L. K. (1984, October). Popcorn. ChemMatters, 2 (3), 10-13.

Appendix

• Additional Demonstrations
1. Place reagent bottles of concentrated NH₃ and concentrated HCl near each other. Remove both stoppers at the same time and note where the “white smoke” (NH₄Cl) forms. CAUTION: Handle both reagents with care and avoid breathing vapors.
2. Environmental
a. Permanently stretch a rubber band indoors and one outdoors. See how long each takes to deteriorate in the presence of ozone. (The destructive property of ozone was originally discovered due to its action on the rubber coverings of telephone lines.)
b. Reaction of SO₂ on leaves, stockings, cloth.
c. To illustrate temperature inversion, rest a 1-L graduated cylinder bottom on an ice bath. Heat cylinder top with lamp. Light a cigarette; drop it into the cylinder.

• Transparency Masters
1. Formation of Gaseous Ammonium Chloride

2. Effect of Changing Pressure of a Gas on its Volume at Constant Temperature

3. Word Search

What is this gas?

    This gas is very toxic and an extreme fire haxard. It is fatal in concentrations of 0.000001 ppm. Organisms exposed to these gas concentrations die within a few minutes. Symptoms resemble those of cyanide poisoning (blue face, etc.). In higher concentration, e.g., about 20%, the toxic effect is delayed, and it takes about 2.5 billion inhalations before death takes place. The reason for the delay is the different mechanism of the toxic effect of this gas in 20% concentration. It apparently contributes to complex process called aging, of which very little is known, except that it is always fatal.
    However, the main disadvantage of this 20% gas concentration is the fact that it is habit forming. The first inhalation (occurring at birth) is sufficient to make this gas addiction permanent. After that, any considerable decrease in the daily doses of this gas result is death.
    Concentrations higher than 20% decrease the above-mentioned delay. High concentrations of this gas provokes a condition known as retrolental fibroplasia in prematurely born babies placed in incubators. This condition results in blindness. Lung irritation has been reported on experimental animals exposed to high concentrations of this gas for several days.
    This gas is an extreme fire hazard. All the fires that were reported in continental U.S. for the period of the past 25 years were attributed to the presence of this gas in the atmosphere surrounding the fire areas.
    This gas is especially dangerous because it is odorless, colorless, and tasteless, so its presence cannot be readily detected until it is too late.

The gas described here is oxygen!

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