Go to Main Index

AP Chemistry by Satellite Lectureguide
Student Edition
Introduction to Quantum Theory
Chapter 6

Objectives

Following your study of this chapter, you should be able to

1. identify the color of light emitted when a metal is heated and when a solution containing a metal ion is heated in a flame.
2. define these terms: electromagnetic radiation; wave; wavelength; frequency; amplitude; and velocity.
3. state the mathematical relationship between wavelength and frequency. and calculate the wavelength of light, given its frequency and the speed of light.
4. explain the significance of the electromagnetic spectrum of an element.
5. explain the difference between an emission and an absorption spectrum.
6. define the terms quantum, quantized and photon in terms of the interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation.
7. describe Photoelectric effect and Einstein's explanation of the phenomena.
8. state the mathematical relationship between energy and frequency for light and calculate the energy of photons of light at a given frequency or wavelength.
9. state the postulates Bohr used to account for the experimentally observed emission spectrum of hydrogen.
10. explain the importance of the principal quantum number.
11. calculate the Bohr radius and the energy of an electron in the Bohr atom, given the principal quantum number.
12. define the terms: excited state; ground state; and ionization energy.
13. describe the properties of matter waves and calculate the wavelength of an object, given its velocity and mass.
14. explain how the uncertainty principle relates to our knowledge of the properties of electrons in atoms.
15. compare and contrast the Bohr model and the quantum mechanical model for describing the properties of electrons in atoms.
16. define the term orbital.
17. define principal quantum number, azimuthal quantum number and magnetic quantum number and describe how each of these numbers relate to the energy, shape and orientation of an electronic orbital in an atom.
18. write the full set of quantum numbers for an electron in a particular energy level.
19. draw a complete energy level diagram (through n = 4) for the hydrogen atom, based on the quantum mechanical model of the atom and label the diagram with the correct orbital designations.
20. draw the shape of 's', 'p' and 'd' orbitals.
21. describe the differences in size and shape for electronic orbitals having different

1a. Identify the color metals glow when heated.

b) Identify the color of the following substances and the color of the corresponding metallic ion when placed in the flame of a Bunsen burner.

2. Define the terms:

electromagnetic radiation

wave

2. (Continued)

wavelength

frequency

amplitude

velocity

3a. Write the equation that describes the mathematical relationship between
wavelength and frequency using the standard symbol for each quantity.

4. Identify the frequencies and wavelengths associated with the various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

[!] Frequency

5. Describe the difference between the appearances of an emission spectrum and an absorption spectrum for any element.

6. Define quantization. What is a quantum of matter? What is a quantum of light (radiant energy)?

7. Describe the experiment which demonstrates the photoelectric effect. How did Einstein explain the photoelectric effect?

8a. Write the relationship between the energy of a photon of light and its frequency.

9a. List the postulates about the behavior in atoms that Bohr invoked to explain the occurrence of emission lines and their associated energies in the hydrogen
spectrum.

b) Write the mathematical equation that yields experimentally observed values for frequencies of light in the Balmer series, the Paschen series, the Bracket series and the Pfund series.

10. Identify the principal quantum number in the mathematical equation that Bohr used to explain the hydrogen emission spectra series listed above.

11. Write the equation, based on the Bohr model, which determines the energy of an electron in a particular orbit of the hydrogen atom.

Problem 11a &b(Continued)

11c. Use the energy diagram produced in #11a to illustrate a transition that results in emission of radiant energy. Does the energy of an electron increase or decrease when energy is emitted? Next illustrate a transition that results in the absorption of radiant energy.

Problem Set #9
AP Chemistry by Satellite

ALL work must be shown in all problems for full credit.

PS9.1. In the wave form shown below label the wavelength and amplitude. Describe how the frequency of the wave can be determined.

PS9.2. The double line in the sodium emission spectrum have wavelengths of 5.896 x 10^-5 cm and 5.890 x 10^-5 cm (589.6 and 589 nm). Calculate the frequency of each line.

PS9.3. The wavelengths of the sodium doublet can be accurately measured despite the fact that they are very short. The IUPAC standard for the meter is, in fact, based on the wavelength of a particular line in the emission spectrum of the element krypton. According to the standard, one meter is defined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths. What color is this line?

PS9.4. Briefly describe the difference between the continuous model of matter and quantized view of matter.

PS9.5. Which color of light is higher energy, blue of red? Explain.

PS9.6. An argon laser emits light with a wavelength of 488 nm. Calculate the energy of a photon of light emitted from the laser.

PS9.7. The wavelength of a photon of light capable of breaking a carbon-carbon single bond is 344 nm. What area of the electromagnetic spectrum is light of this wavelength located? Calculate the energy required to break 1 mol of C-C single bonds.

PS9.8. Calculate the energy and the wavelength of light emitted when an electron in an excited hydrogen atom falls from the n = 5 level to the n = 1 level.

PS9.9. An electron initially in the n = 2 energy level in a hydrogen atom absorbs a photon of light with a frequency of 6.167 x 10¹⁴ s^-1. Calculate the new energy level the electron will occupy.

PS9.10. Will a photon of light of wavelength 480 nm excite an electron in the hydrogen atom from the n = 1 level to the n = 2 level? Explain.

12a. Define the terms excited state, ground state and ionization energy.

13. What was the importance of De Broglie's postulate of the wave nature of matter?

14. Define the uncertainty principle and explain its importance.

15. What are the critical shortcomings of the Bohr model of the atom? How does the quantum mechanical description of the atom overcome these shortcomings.

16. Define the term orbital.

17a. Define the three quantum numbers, principal, azimuthal and magnetic using mathematical relationships. How are these quantum numbers related to the terms shell, subshell and orbital?

17b. How are these quantum numbers related to energy, shape and orientation of the electron?

18a. Prepare a table of the possible sets of quantum numbers for an electron in the n = 1, 2, 3 and 4 levels.

19a. Draw a detailed energy level diagram for the orbitals for the first four principal quantum levels. Label each set of orbitals with the correct shell and subshell designation, i.e., 1s, 2s, 2p, etc.

20. Draw the contour representation that depicts the shape of an s orbital, a p_x, p_y, p_z orbital, and a d_xz

21. How does the contour representation of a 1s orbital differ from that of a 2s orbital?

Problem Set #10
AP Chemistry by Satellite

ALL work must be shown in all problems for full credit.

PS10.1. How do electrons shells, subshells and orbitals differ?

PS10.2. What are the possible values of l, and m_l for the n = 2 shell?

PS10.3. What are the set of quantum numbers for an electron in a 2s orbital? A 3d sublevel? A 6f orbital?

PS10.4. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers describe an electron in an excited state in a hydrogen atom? Which describe a ground state? Which are not allowed?

a) n = 3; l = 3; m_i = 0
b) n = 2; l = 1; m_i = -1
c) n =1 ; l = 0; m_i = 0
d) n = 2; l = 0; m_i = +1
e) n = 5; l = 2; m_i = +2

PS10.5. How many orbitals are available in each of the following subshells or shells?

a) n = 3 shell
b) 2p subshell
c) 4d subshell
d) n = 6 shell

PS10.6. Sketch a 1s subshell and a 2s subshell. What are the major similarities and differences between the two subshells.

Microcomputer software

Introduction to General Chemistry by Stan Smith, Ruth Chabay and Elizabeth Kean
Drill-and-practice software
$500 (10-disk set)

Falcon Software
P.O Box 200
Wentworth, NH 03282
1-603-764-5788

Diskette #3 Chemical Formulas and Equations
Diskette #6 Chemaze

Computer Aided Instruction for General Chemistry by William Butler & Raymond Hough Drill-and-practice software
$40 (4-disk set)

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
605 3rd Avenue
New York, NY 10158
(this software may not be available)

Diskette #1 Periodic Properties of the Elements
Diskette #2 Nomenclature and Oxidation Numbers