Definitions of Chemistry


Definition of Matter

The two distinguishing characteristics of matter is that matter is classified as anything that has mass and occupies space.


Composition of Matter

  • Mixtures


    Diagram of an STM instrument.

    Some STM Images of atoms and or molecules.

    Characterization of Matter

    To characterize matter we use physical and chemical properties.

    Physical properties are properties that can be measured and observed without changing the identity of the substance.

    1. State(gas, liquid and solid)
    2. Color
    3. Melting Point (Important to note that a change in phase, which occurs at the boiling point or melting point of a substance does not necessarily mean a chemical change has occurred.)
    4. Boiling Point
    5. Density
    6. Texture
    7. Hardness

      Also important are

    8. Mass
    9. Volume

      but these properties have less to do with distinguishing between substances.

    Examples of physical properties of matter.

    The obvious physical properties are that sulfur is a yellow solid (rhombic sulfur). Less obvious but which we can locate in a reference book or textbook is that sulfur has a melting point of 112.8 C and boils at 444.6 C. Several allotropic forms exist. Orthorombic sulfur density is 2.069 g/cm3, monoclinic (at 95 C) has a density of 1.94 - 2.01 g/cm 3

    .

    Silvery, heavy, moveable liquid. Its melting point is -38 C, boiling point is 356 C. It has a very high density at 13.5 g/cm3. Mercury is readily enhaled. It is not so much of a hazard when ingested. Spilled mercury should be cleaned up immediately to prevent long term, low-level exposure.

    Iodine is black looking solid at room temperature and readily forms a violet vapor. The solid has a metallic luster and forms plates or scales. The vapor is corrosive with a sharp odor. Its melting point is 114 C, boiling point is 184 C and it has a density of 4.94 g/cm3. Iodine is not very soluble in hot or cold water, but it is soluble in solvents like alcohol, benzene and ether. Iodine is found in seawater. Ingestion of 2 to 4 grams have been known to be fatal.

    Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a brownish-red gas at room temperature. It is sealed in the glass tube to confine it and to protect us. Nitrogen dioxide is a poisonous gas. In the Merck Index Nitrogen dioxide is described as an 'insidious gas'. The gas can be fatal at a level of 200 ppm, and dangerous at 100 ppm. Its melting point is -9.3 C and it boils at 21 C. Its density is 3.3 grams/liter.

    Chemical properties are also used to characterize matter.