Related Concepts

1.Ions

a. An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of covalently-bonded atoms--for example, sodium ion, Na⁺, and carbonate ion, CO3^2-.

b. An electrolyte is a substance that, in water solution, is capable of conducting an electric current. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride conducts an electric current; therefore NaCl is an electrolyte. A nonelectrolyte is a substance that does not dissociate into ions in solution and therefore does not conduct an electric current. Sugar is a nonelectrolyte.

c. Ionization of covalent substances is the breaking apart of a covalent substance into ions in aqueous solution. Hydrogen chloride ionizes completely in aqueous solution into hydrogen ions and chloride ions and is thus classified as a strong acid. Acetic acid only slightly ionizes in water; it is a weak acid.

d. Dissociation is separation of an ionic substance into ions in an aqueous solution. For example, sodium chloride, NaCl, dissociates as follows:

2.Solution Concentration. The molarity or molar concentration (M) of a solution is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. A solution of 20.0 g sodium hydroxide, NaOH, in one liter of solution has a concentration of 0.500 mol/L NaOH, or 0.500 M NaOH.

3. Classification and identity of some common acids and bases.

Strong acids. There are six common strong acids; molarities of concentrated solutions of each are indicated in Figure 3. Figure 3. Common Strong Acids.

Weak acids. Unless otherwise informed, one can assume other common acids are weak. Figure 4 presents two examples:

Figure 4. Some Weak Acids

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