An aqueous solution will consist of water and a dissolved substances. For example, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride contains NaCl and water. One of the components of the solution is the solute the other is the solvent. By definition the solute is the component present in the smallest amount. The solvent is the component present in the largest amount, or the component whose phase is the phase of the solution, or water.
The concentration expression of interest is called molarity. Molarity has the following definition-
1 Molar (1M) HCl contains 1 mol per liter of solution. 1M HCl, 1M NaOH, 1M NaCl, 1M C6H12O6 each contain 1 mole of solute in 1 liter. 2M HCl contains 2 mole of HCl in 1 liter. A 1M solution could also contain 0.5 mol in 0.5 liters.
Sample Molarity Problem #1:Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 0.875 mol NaCl in;a) 1 liter Answerb) 500. mL Answerc) 100 mL Answerd) 6 liters Answer |
We need to spend a few minutes discussing how solutions of particular concentrations
(molarity) are prepared. The normal situation encountered in the laboratory
requires the preparation of a particular volume of a solution of a particular
concentration. Generally, the solution can be prepared two different ways. Which
method depends on the what chemicals and/or solutions are available.
Solutions of a particular concentration can
either be prepared by mixing a specified mass of solute with water, or by diluting a more concentrated solution of the same reagent. We will discuss both methods.
The calculations and the procedure are both important when preparing a solution of a particular concentration.
Sample Molarity Problem #2How would you prepare 500.00 mL of a 0.500 M solution of Cu(NO3)2?Answer:To begin we must calculate the amount of Cu(NO3)2 contained in 500. mL of a 0.500 M solution. To do this we calculate,To prepare the solution 47.0 g of Cu(NO3)2 are measured using an analytical balance. This mass of solute is dissolved in enough water so the final volume is 500. mls.It is important to note that in this problem the mass of solute is not added to 500. mLs, but enpough water is added to dissolve the Cu(NO3)2 and reach a final volume of 500. mLs. A 500 mL volumetric flask is used to prepare the solution. The solid is transferred to the flask and approximately 300 mLs of distilled water are added. This mixer is stirred/swirled until all of the Cu(NO3)2 dissolves, then the remaining distilled water is added to reach the final volume. |
In a dilution the moles of solute remain constant, one is only adding water to an intial volume of concentrated solution to dilute it to a new concentration. That is,
If we multiply this equation by 1 we can change it to a more useful relationship
for solving dilution problems. But the factor we multiply by will be .
The equation becomes
this equation simplifies to
or
McVc = MdVd
Sample Molarity Problem #3:Calculate the volume of 0.500 M Cu(NO3)2 needed to prepare 200. mLs of a 0.150 M Cu(NO3)2 solution.Answer:To solve this problem we will use the relationship,McVc = MdVdRearranged the equation becomes;This solution is prepared by measuring 60 mLs of 0.500 M Cu(NO3)2 into a 500. graduated cylinder. Enough water is added to reach a final volume of 200 mLs. |
We've been doing stoichiometry calculations with the amounts of reactants
given in grams or moles. Now we can solve problems when the reaction occur
in solutions. Here is a sample problem of this new type;
Sample Molarity (stoichiometry) Problem #4
Sample Molarity (stoichiometry) Problem #5:Calculate the molarity of sulfuric acid in a 20.00 mL sample which is neutralized by 18.50 mLs of 0.750 M NaOH.Answer:To do this problem, like any stoichiometry problem we need a balanced chemical equation. The equation is;H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ---> Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)This is basically a stoichiometry problem. To calculate the molarity of sulfuric acid we need to know the mols of sulfuric acid. We already know the volume. To determine the mols of H2SO4 we will use the balanced equation and the information about NaOH. The equation says 1 mol of H2SO4 reacts with 2 mols of NaOH, so if we can determine the mols of NaOH that react we can convert to mols of H2SO4.To calculate the mols of NaOH;Now we calcualte the mols of H2SO4 required to react with 0.0139 mols NaOH;So now we know the mols of H2SO4 we can calculate the concentration of H2SO4; |