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AP Chemistry by Satellite Lectureguide
Student Edition
Chemical Thermodynamics
Chapter 17

Objectives

Following your study of this chapter, you should be able to

1. state the first law of thermodynamics.
2. write the mathematical equation which relates the standard heat of reaction to the heats of formation of the reactants and products of the chemical reaction.
3. define the terms exothermic and endothermic as they relate to chemical reactions.
4. state the second law of thermodynamics.
5. define the terms spontaneous and nonspontaneous as they relate to chemical change.
6. define the term entropy.
7. re-state the second law of thermodynamics in terms of entropy.
8. state the third law of thermodynamics.
9. write the mathematical equation which relates the standard entropy change in a chemical reaction to the absolute entropy of the reactants and products.
10. define the thermodynamic function called free energy.
11. write the mathematical equation which relates the standard free energy of a chemical reaction to the enthalpy and entropy change of the reaction.
12. write the mathematical equation which relates the standard free energy of a chemical reaction to the free energies of formation of the reactants and products.
13. determine how the free energy of a chemical reaction depends on changes in temperature.
14. write the mathematical equation which relates the free energy of a chemical reaction

1. State the first law of thermodynamics.

2a. Write the mathematical equation which relates the standard heat of reaction to the heats of formation of the reactants and products of the chemical reaction.

b. Calculate DHº_reaction for the following chemical reactions. (Use the table of thermodynamic values on page 19 - 24.)

Ans: -526.3 kJ

Ans: +58 kJ

Ans: 146 kJ

Ans: 890 kJ

3a. Define the terms exothermic and endothermic as they relate to chemical reactions.

b. Which of the reactions in Exercise #2b are exothermic and which are endothermic?

4. State the second law of thermodynamics.

5a. Define the term spontaneous and nonspontaneous as it relates to chemical change.

b. Based on our chemical intuition, which of the reactions in Exercise #2b are spontaneous and which are nonspontaneous?

c. Is the enthalpy of a chemical reaction, the heat associated with a reaction at constant pressure, an accurate indicator of the spontaneity of a chemical reaction?

6. Define the term entropy. How is the sign of DS for a chemical reaction interpreted?

7a. Re-state the second law of thermodynamics in terms of entropy.

b. Write a mathematical equation which relates the entropy change of the universe to the entropy change of a system and its surrounding.

c. Predict whether the entropy of the system increases, remains constant or decreases when the following processes occur. Explain your reasoning.

a) Ice melts at 0 ºC.

b) A precipitate forms in aqueous solution.

c) A solid dissolves in water.

d) A gas condenses to a liquid.

8. State the third law of thermodynamics.

9a. Write the mathematical equation which relates the standard entropy change in a chemical reaction to the absolute entropy of the reactants and products.

b. Calculate DSº_reaction for the following chemical reactions. (Use the table of thermodynamic values on page 19 - 24.)

Ans: -72 J/K

Ans: +176 J/K

Ans: +592 J/K

iv) CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l) D CH₄(g) + 2O₂(g)

Ans: +243 J/K

c. For which of the reactions in part b does the entropy increase, remain constant or decrease?

d. Is the entropy of a chemical reaction an accurate indicator of the spontaneity of a chemical reaction?

10. Define the thermodynamic function called free energy. How is the sign of DGº for a chemical reaction interpreted?

11. Write the mathematical equation which relates the standard free energy of a chemical reaction to the enthalpy and entropy change of the reaction.

12a. Write the mathematical equation which relates the standard free energy of a chemical reaction to the free energies of formation of the reactants and products.

b. Calculate DGº_reaction for the following chemical reactions using both the equation in Exercise #11 and standard free energies of formation.

Ans: -505 kJ

Ans: +6 kJ

Ans: -32 kJ

Ans: +817 kJ

c. Which of the reactions in part b are spontaneous and which are nonspontaneous?

13a. Complete the blank cells in the table below. This table summarizes the effect of tem- perature on the spontaneity of a chemical reaction. To complete the table, use the information in the two left-hand columns to determine the entries of the remaining cells. For example, in the first row the sign of DGº_rxn (at 25 ºC) can be determined knowing the sign of DHº and DSº for the reaction.

How do the magnitude of DHº and DSº change with temperature?

b. How does DGº change with increasing temperature for each of the following reactions?

c. Calculate the temperature at which DGº is zero for the reaction

Ans: 345 ºC

14a. Write the mathematical equation which relates the free energy of a chemical reaction under standard conditions to the free energy of the reaction at nonstandard conditions.

b. DGº for the reaction,

was determined earlier. (Lesson #76, exercise 12b.)

i)Calculate K for the reaction at 25 ºC.

Ans: 8.89 x 10^-2

ii) Calculate DG for the reaction if the partial pressure of NO₂ is 0.1 atm and the partial pressure of N₂O₄ is 1 atm.

Ans: -5.4 x 10³ J

Problem Set #30
AP Chemistry by Satellite ^{Name___________________________________}

ALL work must be shown in all problems for full credit.

PS30.1. Using the table of thermodynamic values found on page 17 - 24, calculate the DHº_rxn (standard enthalpy change) for each of the following reactions:

PS30.2. For each of the following pairs, indicate which substance you would expect to possess the larger standard entropy:

a) 1 mol H₂(g) at 298 K and 1 atm or 1 mol H₂(g) at 298 K and at 10 atm.

b) 1 mol H₂O(s) at 5 ^oC or 1 mol H₂O(l) at 5 ^oC

c) 1 mol Br₂(l) at 58.8 ^oC and 1 atm or 1 mol Br₂(g) at 58.8 ^oC and 1 atm.

d) 1 mol KNO₃(aq) at 30 ^oC or 1 mol KNO₃(s) at 30 ^oC.

PS30.3. Predict whether the entropy change in the system is positive or negative for each of the following processes:

PS30.4. For each reaction below, use the table of thermodynamic values on page 17 - 24 of the Lectureguide to determine the values of DHº and DSº.

PS30.4. (Continued)

PS30.4. (Continued)

PS30.5. a) Calculate DGº for each of the reactions in problem 30.4.

PS30.5. (Continued)

b) Which of the reactions in 30.4 are spontaneous at 298 K?

c) For each of the reactions listed in b), find the temperature above or below which the reaction becomes nonspontaneous.

PS30.5. (Continued)

d) Which of the reactions in 30.4 are nonspontaneous at 298 K?

e) For each of the reactions listed in d), find the temperature above or below which the reaction becomes spontaneous.

PS30.6. Consider the reaction

a) The concentration equilibrium constant, K_c, for this reaction is 1.12 x 10^-3 at 750 K. Would you expect this value to increase or decrease at 300 K? Explain your answer using words, no calculations yet!

b) Calculate DHº and DSº for the reaction from the table of thermodynamic values in your text or from the table on page 17 - 24 of the Lectureguide.

PS30.6.(Continued)

c) Using the values obtained in b), calculate DGº for the reaction at 300 K and at 750 K.

d) Calculate K_c for the reaction at 300 K. Compare your value with your prediction in a).

PS30.7. a) If 4.00 moles each of Cl₂, H₂O and O₂ are placed into a 2.00 L vessel at 750 K, what will be the equilibrium concentration of HCl? (See PS30.6b.)

b) If the experiment described in a) is repeated at 300 K, what will the concentration of HCl be?

PS30.8. Under what conditions do enthalpy, entropy and free energy take on values of zero?

PS30.9. a) Given K_b for ammonia is 1.8 x 10^-5 at 298 K, calculate DGº for the reaction

b) What is the value of DG at equilibrium?

c) What is the value of DG when the [NH₃] = 0.100 M, [NH₄⁺] = 0.100 M and [OH^-] = 0.0500 M?

PS30.10. The enthalpy of combustion, DHº_comb, for oxalic acid, C₂H₂O₄(s), is

a) Write the balanced chemical equation which describes the combustion of one mole of oxalic acid.

PS30.10. (Continued)

b) Write the balanced chemical equation which describes the standard formation of oxalic acid.

c) Using the information given above and the equations in a) and b), calculate DHº_f for oxalic acid.

d) Calculate DSº_f for oxalic acid and DSº_rxn for the combustion of one mole of oxalic acid.

e) Calculate DGº_f for oxalic acid and DGº_rxn for the combustion of one mole of oxalic acid.

f) Is the formation of oxalic acid from its elements spontaneous? Is the combustion of oxalic acid at 25 ºC spontaneous?